Pain Relief - Everyday Aches and Pains
There are three main nonprescription choices for pain relief -
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acetaminophen (Datril, Tylenol and others), and
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ibuprofen (Motrin IB, Advil, Nuprin, and others).
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All three block the production of chemicals called prostaglandins, which the body usually releases when cells are injured. Prostaglandins are believed to play an important role in the pain, heat, redness, and swelling that occur following tissue damage. So what's the best choice for your headache, pulled muscle, or menstrual cramps?
When it comes to mild, nonspecific pain, headaches, or menstrual discomfort, "all three [nonprescription pain relievers] are quite useful," says Patricia Love, M.D., a rheumatologist with FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "There are probably persons who are not able to detect a difference in the effectiveness of the OTC products." It has been suggested, Love says, that aspirin or ibuprofen may be more effective than acetaminophen for pain caused by inflammation or mild menstrual discomfort because they have more prostaglandin-blocking effects. (For more information on menstrual cramps, see "Taming Menstrual Cramps" in the June 1991 FDA Consumer.) "Our best advice at present is that, for mild pain, individuals may use what works best and is safe for them," says Love.
In other words, what doesn't cause them problems. Because prostaglandins play a role in protecting the stomach lining from being attacked by the acid of digestive fluid, aspirin, ibuprofen, and, apparently to a lesser extent, according to Love, acetaminophen may cause stomach irritation, ulcers or bleeding. "If you have a history of stomach disorders, first talk to your doctor [before taking a nonprescription pain reliever]," says Love.
For some people who take aspirin, stomach irritation may be decreased by taking either enteric-coated aspirin, buffered aspirin, or other modified aspirin derivatives such as choline salicylate or magnesium salicylate. Buffered aspirin contains an ingredient that neutralizes some of the digestive system's acid and, therefore, may produce less irritation than plain aspirin.
Coated aspirin dissolves mainly in the intestine. (Uncoated aspirin dissolves in the stomach.) In theory, that difference may mean less stomach irritation says Love. But, she adds, it still depends on an individual's metabolism. For example, some people can't digest the coating, so while they don't get any stomach irritation, they don't get any benefit either. The aspirin passes out of the body undigested and unabsorbed.
People who can't take aspirin because of allergic reactions (e.g., rash, asthma, anaphylaxis) generally can't take ibuprofen either. For them, acetaminophen may be the only nonprescription choice. "Persons with medication allergies should discuss the use of any nonprescription medication with their doctor," Love says. She adds that all three drugs have the potential to cause liver damage, although liver toxicity is much less common than gastric ulcers or bleeding. FDA is reviewing recent studies that suggest an association between use of all three nonprescription pain relievers and kidney disease. But the agency says that not enough is known yet about these possible associations to make any changes in current recommendations for use for healthy individuals.
"I think one of the important safety issues in choosing a medication is it's not just whether or not you have minor pain, but what is your medical history on top of the minor pain," says Love. "People who have specific disorders--kidney disease, heart disease, bleeding problems, liver disorders, medication allergies--should talk to their physicians."